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The Department of Energy office responsible for cleaning up radioactive and hazardous waste from the nation’s nuclear weapons and research programs is managing aging infrastructure with more than $1.5 billion in reported repair needs, according to a new Government Accountability Office report.
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The report, published May 5, found that DOE’s Office of Environmental Management oversees about 4,300 operating facilities across its cleanup sites. Many of those facilities are 50 to 70 years old and “well beyond their designed life,” GAO said.
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As of June 2025, the office reported more than $1.5 billion in repair needs. Its fiscal year 2026 budget request included more than $950 million for maintenance spending, an 80 percent increase since fiscal year 2020.
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DOE’s environmental cleanup program is responsible for some of the federal government’s most technically complex and expensive environmental work, including cleanup of contaminated soil, groundwater, buildings, tanks and other infrastructure tied to decades of nuclear weapons production and research.
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DOE’s own public descriptions help explain why the infrastructure question is not a narrow facilities-management issue. The Office of Environmental Management describes its mission as addressing the environmental legacy of decades of nuclear weapons production and government-sponsored nuclear energy research, including radioactive waste, spent fuel, excess plutonium and uranium, contaminated facilities, and polluted soil and groundwater. That means aging pipes, tanks, treatment plants, utility systems and support buildings are not incidental to cleanup; they are the physical backbone of the mission.
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The scale varies by site, but the pattern is consistent. Hanford alone covers 580 square miles and includes groundwater remediation, facility decontamination, tank-waste treatment, and construction and commissioning of the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. Savannah River, Idaho and Oak Ridge each carry different Cold War legacies, from plutonium and tritium production to reactor testing and uranium enrichment, but each now depends on sustained federal investment to keep cleanup moving safely.
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GAO said DOE has systems for tracking infrastructure condition and repair needs, but found weaknesses in the data used to guide decisions. Some validation scorecards contained inaccurate or unsupported data, and some sites had not completed corrective action plans. GAO also found that sites used different methods for key maintenance data, making it harder to compare needs across the cleanup portfolio.
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The report said eight of 13 Environmental Management sites told GAO that DOE’s Master Asset Plan does not fully capture their maintenance needs, in part because individual sites maintain more detailed information than headquarters uses for planning.
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GAO also found that DOE’s project-prioritization model identified 19 projects that could use surplus funds and generate about $120 million in estimated savings, but said the department has not communicated those potential cost and risk reductions to Congress.
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The budget context also matters. DOE’s Environmental Management budget pages describe a planning system built around lifecycle cost reduction, performance measures and annual requests to Congress. GAO’s warning about infrastructure planning therefore lands in a program where delays can compound: deferred maintenance can raise safety risks, slow cleanup milestones and make future appropriations buy less progress.
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The watchdog made four recommendations, including that DOE complete corrective action plans, improve the accuracy and comparability of maintenance data, better incorporate site-level information into planning, and communicate potential savings and risk reductions from prioritized projects.
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DOE’s Office of Environmental Management concurred with two recommendations and partially concurred with two others. All four remain open, according to GAO.
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GAO’s broader High Risk work reinforces the point. Its 2025 High-Risk Series notes that major federal acquisitions, including nuclear cleanup, remain vulnerable to cost growth and schedule delays. The new infrastructure report can be framed as a concrete example of that larger risk: without better information about the condition, priority and funding needs of cleanup infrastructure, DOE and Congress have less ability to prevent today’s maintenance gaps from becoming tomorrow’s cleanup delays.
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The findings point to a growing management challenge inside one of the government’s least visible high-risk missions: keeping old nuclear-era infrastructure functioning safely while the federal government works to dismantle, stabilize and clean it up.
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